Competency Goal 6 Cda

Gayle Y. Garrett Competency Goal VI To maintain a commitment to professionalism Function Area 13: Professionalism As a professional, I promote child development, learning and build family and community relationships. I continue to attend professional development sessions and read articles about early childhood. I am a continuous, collaborative learner who demonstrates knowledge in my field from all types of sources. The Philadelphia School District provides the Head Start staff with many in-service training programs that are built into my schedule. My on-site professional development deals with areas such as the curriculum, nutrition, health, mental health, career development and parent involvement. As a teacher assistant, I do on-going observation of the students in the classroom; I gather information about many skills on a checklist. This includes writing, print awareness, language, and the purposeful use of materials. When I do observations, they include detailed notes so I can relate them more easily to many of the goals and objectives set for the children. I focus on about four children a day and spend about 15 minutes during rest time looking over my observations. I make sure the classroom is arranged so that there are interesting hands-on activities for all children. Also, I arrange space so that the children can navigate in and out of the space safely. I help choose activities that best meet all children’s abilities. Also, I participant in helping the children at mealtimes, I guide them washing their hands before and after each meal. I have the children assist in setting the tables, instruct them to keep all food and utensils on the placemats, and encourage them to use all utensils. I sit at the table with the children and model appropriate mealtime behavior. When I sit with the children at mealtime, it is an opportunity for language and social development. I encourage the children to participate in conversations. I also conduct circle time activities and assist the children with completing their journals and writing their name on their name strips. As a professional, I talk to the parents about the Head Start program. I work with the Head Start Family Service worker, Special Needs Coordinator, Nutrition Representative, Education Coordinator, Head Teacher and the Principal of the school. I work cooperatively with them to keep my classroom and students on the path so each child can reach their goals. In addition, I show a commitment to professionalism by demonstrating knowledge in child care service. As a professional, I work with young children and their families. I am knowledgeable in child care services and can provide information and support when needed. In conclusion, professionalism is an extremely important area when working in Early Childhood. I am determine to be the most professional teacher assistant for my teacher, students, and parents.

Regulating Food Advertising and Freedom of Speech

Essay 2, Summary and Response Regulating Food Advertising and Freedom of Speech Perspectives on Advertising and Children Summary— As the author of article â€Å"Regulating Food Advertising to Children,† Margo G. Wootan proposes, â€Å"Responsible food marketing to children must address not only how food is marketed but also which foods are marketed to kids (334). † She believes that even in the absence of government control there should be some guideline for food marketing to act responsibly and not encourage children to eat foods that are harmful to their health and well-being.Because of the increasing rate of childhood obesity in the United States, the author suggests a compromise approach between marketing techniques and nutritional criteria to be met for children up to the age of eighteen (333). Food marketing is extremely influential in children’s food choices since it attracts their attention with the appeal of contests, prizes, cartoon characters, a nd their celebrity icons.Although parents are a huge accountability for the food their children eat, Wootan believes it’s rather difficult for parents to compete with what marketing advertises as healthy as opposed to what parents consider is healthy for their children (333). The author suggests marketing being consistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans with the reduction of calories, sodium, refined sugars, and saturated and trans fats in order to support not overeating with reasonable portion sizes directly and indirectly.Also, to stop and prevent unhealthy eating habits, food marketing should redesign products to improve their nutritional quality, including adding more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains presented in homes as well as school environments (335). As Wootan states, â€Å"The marketing of products that may not be nutritionally ideal but provide some positive nutritional benefit and that could help children meet the Dietary Guidelines for Americansâ €  is the ultimate compromise that benefits both food marketing and the health of today’s children (334).In â€Å"Advertising and Freedom of Speech: Beware of the Food Nanny,† author Robert Liodice justifies the importance of free speech by saying, â€Å"Trampling on the First Amendment, whether through government controls or unsupported self-regulatory edicts, should not even be on anyone’s radar screen as a way to solve problems. † Liodice believes CSPI overlooks a wide variety of factors beyond marketing that influence childhood food consumption (336). He thinks the guidelines on nutrition and marketing are so restrictive that it’s supported by flawed data and omit the significant, positive improvements food and marketing industries are taking.For example, the marketing industry established the Children’s Advertising Review Unit (CARU), which screens material that may be misleading and receives comments and concerns from the public for the past thirty years (336). The author states CSPI mentioned a claim that marketing targeted at kids has doubled in the last ten years, but neglects to explain food ads seen by children under the age of twelve declined by 13% in the last four years.Liodice insinuates CSPI’s narrow focus solely on food marketing misguides the public when other factors come into play because â€Å"there is no simple or quick answer to this multifaceted challenge,† as the Surgeon General concluded (337). Response— Based on both arguments on food marketing aimed towards children and freedom of speech, I understand where each author is coming from and I agree with both to some extent. Wootan’s article makes a valid point that there are many factors that affect food choices, but food choices are mainly influential by persuasive and attractive food marketing.Companies have extensive expertise and efficient skills to lure children into wanting a line of products that may not be as nutritional but is portrayed as desirable. I also agree that some of Wootan’s claims are invalid due to the lack of details and evidence compared to Liodice’s more specified examples and statistics on food marketing and their effectiveness. Because food marketing is Wootan’s only topic of debate, she disregards the other many factors that affect food choices by not elaborating upon them.For example, American consumers have full knowledge of the importance of personal and parental responsibility, public education, dietary balance and moderation, and of course, physical activity; yet Wootan only focuses on the negatives of food marketing when all these factors are just as imperative in addressing the issues of childhood nutrition and obesity. In my opinion, Robert Liodice is correct in advocating free speech to be the basis of choice and personal responsibility.Everyone has a right their own opinion, however, I don’t see the problem with the help of gov ernment control for some guidance with the public in order to educate them of a healthier lifestyle. With a set of guidelines, it will help set a standard for people to follow. Marketing and advertising cannot persuade everyone to eat healthier because they can only do so much to expose people of the advantages and benefits of a nutritional diet—that is if people even pay attention to food advertisement.Healthy eating habits will all boil down to the individual deciding whether or not to put nutritional food in their mouth. Works Cited Wootan, Margo G. â€Å"Regulating Food Advertising to Children. † Think: Critical Thinking andLogic Skills for Everyday Life. 2nd ed. Ed. Judith A. Boss. New York: McGraw-Hill,2012. 333-335. Print. Liodice, Robert. â€Å"Advertising and Freedom of Speech: Beware of the Food Nanny. † Think:Critical Thinking and Logic Skills for Everyday Life. 2nd ed. Ed. Judith A. Boss. NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 2012. 335-337. Print.

Analysis Of Connel’s Theory Of Hegemonic Masculinity

Analysis Of Connel’s Theory Of Hegemonic Masculinity In today’s society it takes a lot to grasp the change in how masculinity is â€Å"supposed† to be. To be able to truly understand the sort of expectations that men are held to by society there must be a detailed look into what R.W. Connell refers to as â€Å"Hegemonic Masculinity† (Connell), it justifies men’s position in society as head of society and puts women second, saying women are supposed to submit to men. The impact it has on men in today’s society is, more than less, changing, but still has a significant place in male masculinity and in a lot of the â€Å"norms† we have, such as the man has to be the â€Å"breadwinner† of the household, and the women should only take care of the house. We often deamn these beliefs to be true by nature, as soon as a boy becomes a â€Å"man† he must go out and become the head of something or show that he is a man by gaining power (Being the head of his household, owning a business, getti ng wealthy, ect.). In the text Connell states that Hegemonic masculinity is â€Å"a social ascendency achieved in a play of social forces that extends beyond contests of brute power into the organisation of private life and cultural processes.† The one thing that will always be prevalent in the relationship of men and women all over the world is that fact that men will always dominate women. This structural belief that men are over females is the foundation for the term â€Å"Hegemonic Masculinity†. â€Å"Masculinity is only hegemonic amongst men: no femininity is hegemonic†. This does not mean any kind of violence, it means hegemony in every part of life, Mainly talking about religious practices. For example, wedding vows, they mostly talk about how men will take care of their newly wed wives as if the are too incompetent to take care of themselves because they are women. â€Å"The man takes control as the breadwinner and the person in charge of a heterosexual relationship.† (Connell). Hegemonic Masculinity is publicized at lot in society, mostly in the media, you may see advertisements showing muscular men as the goal of what a man should look like. It tells him that if his mindset isn’t to want to look like that then he isn’t a man, the proceeds to give him the instructions he needs to become the muscular guy on the television. â€Å"How a man throws a ball is different to how a woman throws a ball. I didn’t want to throw a ball in front of my dad because i knew it wouldn’t look right, it wouldn’t be like the way a good, strong boy should throw it.† Here Connell tries to interpret the boy’s fear of disappointing his father and the combined sense that his body is unsuitable for a man as a learned social experience. The boy is young but is already fully aware that he isn’t what a man should be, he falls short of his father’s expectations in his head. Because of this, Connell is aware that hegemonic masc ulinity is a learned behavior. In movies, another form of media, you see the superheroes, mostly men, as big strong manly guys who saves the world from appending doom, giving the message that men are supposed to imitate these big strong macho men and get through the harsh realities of life unscathed, when in reality life will get to them and that okay, you don’t have to be like these men on the big screens. â€Å"Masculinities in Western societies are typically defined by by a specific body reflexive practice: sport, violence, heterosexual performance, and bodybuilding† (Connell pg. 86). One of the biggest societal issues is that fact that women want to be paid the same as men and that simply is not the case in today’s society. â€Å"Hegemonic Masculinity can also be seen in our wage structures where men earn more than women and traditionally men achieve the top positions as managers or leaders.† (Connell). Women try tirelessly to get equal pay, in today’s society, but a lot of the big taxation and welfare policies are still advocates of the belief that males are more important and should get compensated more than women. â€Å"Hegemonic Masculinity is evident in all aspects of life, even in housing, where men have designed the house that women clean and traditionally spend much more more time in than men.† (Connell). According to Connell, most of the men in today’s society often benefit from women submitting to them and the home. Taking care of the home is no worry for the man because his wife is the only one that must tend to the house, homely duties like for example, Ironing, cooking and washing clothes, these duties have an unwritten gender rule to them and separates the men and women when it comes to marriage. It is noticeable that the role of men is slowly but surely changing, that actions of men are very different form how men acted 30 years ago, a lot of thin gs that males in the past where doing would not be tolerated in today’s society. â€Å"Traditionally, the man of the family was seen as the breadwinner and the female looked after the children and all duties associated with the household.† (Connell). Because of the many financial challenges in today’s society, the concept of Masculinity has flopped as women are now taking on higher paid jobs and are taking care of themselves rather than in the past that wasn’t accepted. Some men today even have problems trying to find employment and stay home because of it. Women are more educated than men in today’s society as well and that is a big influence on this phenomena. To conclude, the topic of Hegemonic masculinity has yet to be stable and has a lot more research to go before it is concrete. There are many different aspects to masculinity, gender roles and the simple fact that if women weren’t around we wouldn’t even be studying masculinity. According to Connell, a lot of different masculinities are in existence, even though hegemonic masculinity is the most prevalent one. Hegemonic masculinity affects the behavioral aspects of men in today’s society and still has most men trying to maintain their rein on society. The result of this is the fact that men still must prove to the world and other men that they are just as manly. The way that men cope with the changes in the world is something that a lot of future sociologists will be studying. In today’s society it takes a lot to grasp the change in how masculinity is â€Å"supposed† to be. To be able to truly understand the sort of expectations that men are held to by society there must be a detailed look into what R.W. Connell refers to as â€Å"Hegemonic Masculinity† (Connell), it justifies men’s position in society as head of society and puts women second, saying women are supposed to submit to men. The impact it has on men in today’s society is, more than less, changing, but still has a significant place in male masculinity and in a lot of the â€Å"norms† we have, such as the man has to be the â€Å"breadwinner† of the household, and the women should only take care of the house. We often deamn these beliefs to be true by nature, as soon as a boy becomes a â€Å"man† he must go out and become the head of something or show that he is a man by gaining power (Being the head of his household, owning a business, getti ng wealthy, ect.). In the text Connell states that Hegemonic masculinity is â€Å"a social ascendency achieved in a play of social forces that extends beyond contests of brute power into the organisation of private life and cultural processes.† The one thing that will always be prevalent in the relationship of men and women all over the world is that fact that men will always dominate women. This structural belief that men are over females is the foundation for the term â€Å"Hegemonic Masculinity†. â€Å"Masculinity is only hegemonic amongst men: no femininity is hegemonic†. This does not mean any kind of violence, it means hegemony in every part of life, Mainly talking about religious practices. For example, wedding vows, they mostly talk about how men will take care of their newly wed wives as if the are too incompetent to take care of themselves because they are women. â€Å"The man takes control as the breadwinner and the person in charge of a heterosexual relationship.† (Connell). Hegemonic Masculinity is publicized at lot in society, mostly in the media, you may see advertisements showing muscular men as the goal of what a man should look like. It tells him that if his mindset isn’t to want to look like that then he isn’t a man, the proceeds to give him the instructions he needs to become the muscular guy on the television. â€Å"How a man throws a ball is different to how a woman throws a ball. I didn’t want to throw a ball in front of my dad because i knew it wouldn’t look right, it wouldn’t be like the way a good, strong boy should throw it.† Here Connell tries to interpret the boy’s fear of disappointing his father and the combined sense that his body is unsuitable for a man as a learned social experience. The boy is young but is already fully aware that he isn’t what a man should be, he falls short of his father’s expectations in his head. Because of this, Connell is aware that hegemonic masc ulinity is a learned behavior. In movies, another form of media, you see the superheroes, mostly men, as big strong manly guys who saves the world from appending doom, giving the message that men are supposed to imitate these big strong macho men and get through the harsh realities of life unscathed, when in reality life will get to them and that okay, you don’t have to be like these men on the big screens. â€Å"Masculinities in Western societies are typically defined by by a specific body reflexive practice: sport, violence, heterosexual performance, and bodybuilding† (Connell pg. 86). One of the biggest societal issues is that fact that women want to be paid the same as men and that simply is not the case in today’s society. â€Å"Hegemonic Masculinity can also be seen in our wage structures where men earn more than women and traditionally men achieve the top positions as managers or leaders.† (Connell). Women try tirelessly to get equal pay, in today’s society, but a lot of the big taxation and welfare policies are still advocates of the belief that males are more important and should get compensated more than women. â€Å"Hegemonic Masculinity is evident in all aspects of life, even in housing, where men have designed the house that women clean and traditionally spend much more more time in than men.† (Connell). According to Connell, most of the men in today’s society often benefit from women submitting to them and the home. Taking care of the home is no worry for the man because his wife is the only one that must tend to the house, homely duties like for example, Ironing, cooking and washing clothes, these duties have an unwritten gender rule to them and separates the men and women when it comes to marriage. It is noticeable that the role of men is slowly but surely changing, that actions of men are very different form how men acted 30 years ago, a lot of thin gs that males in the past where doing would not be tolerated in today’s society. â€Å"Traditionally, the man of the family was seen as the breadwinner and the female looked after the children and all duties associated with the household.† (Connell). Because of the many financial challenges in today’s society, the concept of Masculinity has flopped as women are now taking on higher paid jobs and are taking care of themselves rather than in the past that wasn’t accepted. Some men today even have problems trying to find employment and stay home because of it. Women are more educated than men in today’s society as well and that is a big influence on this phenomena. To conclude, the topic of Hegemonic masculinity has yet to be stable and has a lot more research to go before it is concrete. There are many different aspects to masculinity, gender roles and the simple fact that if women weren’t around we wouldn’t even be studying masculinity. According to Connell, a lot of different masculinities are in existence, even though hegemonic masculinity is the most prevalent one. Hegemonic masculinity affects the behavioral aspects of men in today’s society and still has most men trying to maintain their rein on society. The result of this is the fact that men still must prove to the world and other men that they are just as manly. The way that men cope with the changes in the world is something that a lot of future sociologists will be studying.

The Epistle to Philippians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Epistle to Philippians - Essay Example First of all, it would be advantageous to see if there are lots of similarities between the above mentioned versions. One might argue that there are many parts of the text that are similar word for word: the very beginning, some parts in the end and many others. However, its interesting to note that there are two words, namely â€Å"true† and â€Å"pure†, that coincide in the list of what a Christian should think about, while others are not similar at all. Indeed, there are more differences in the two texts than similarities. For example, NIV says that Paul â€Å"pleads† two women to keep their faith strong, while NRSV uses the word â€Å"urges†. It is clear that the latter verb has far stronger meaning. Another difference is seen in the words that are used to modify the word â€Å"companion†: NIV’s â€Å"true† versus NRSV’s â€Å"loyal†. One would make no mistake arguing that the former word has some important connotatio ns. The next suitable example is the difference between the phrases â€Å"do not be anxious† (NIV) and â€Å"do not worry† (NRSV). From a psychological point of these two states of mind are different. Now it would be important to perform some exegetical analysis. In the very beginning, Paul greets the congregation warmly. Then he encourages them to stand firmly in their faith in Jesus Christ. Afterwards, he calls two names of the women who need extra support since they might be falling from grace; that is why the believers should unite together. The next statement urges the Christians to rejoice in God all the time. The Apostle says that God is near. That is why the believers should not worry about anything and pray to God all the time, presenting Him with their concerns. In this case the peace of God will come to them. In the end, Paul lists what Christians should think about: these are universally accepted positive values. Finally, he urges all the believers to put into practice their knowledge and enjoy their faith.  The passage from this book is related to the New Testament in that sense that it reflects the spreading of Christian Church and tries to reinforce the newly fou nd faith. It is also related to the Old Testament in that aspect that people should base their life firmly on their faith in God.

BMW Mini(Case Study) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

BMW Mini(Case Study) - Coursework Example Research has shown that the most efficient the operational management of the firm, the more industrious and productive a firm becomes. This report aims at analyzing the operations of the final assembly line at the Mini Oxford Plant at Cowley, and this will be achieved through evaluation of the applicability of various operational management theories and the managerial approaches used in the firm. Being an international organization, Mimi Oxford Plant needs to have defined operational processes and managerial strategies that enable organizations in meeting the needs of the targeted groups. To arrive at an evidence-based conclusion regarding the operations at the firm, various themes will be integrated to explain some theories that are significant in understanding the operational process of the organization. The delivery lead time will be assessed in the report, and this will allow for concrete conclusions and recommendations to be fostered to aid in the improvement of the operational processes of the firm. The recommendations made are based on the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities realized in the comp any with a focus on enhancing the performance of the firm. Mini Oxford Plant is owned and managed by the BMW that is a UK based Manufacturing Limited, and the major activities involved are manufacture of motor vehicle and motor spares. It is part of the Plant Hams Hall which is responsible for the production of engines, and Plant Swindon that is responsible for body pressing and where sub-assemblies are constructed. There are various models that are produced by the firm, and these are with inclusion of Morris Marina, Austin Ambassador and Austin Maxi among other models like Rover 75. The quality of the motors manufactured by the industry is great, contributing to its consideration as one of the most recognized motor manufacturing companies in the automobile industry along Toyota Company

Case Stady#2 Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stady#2 - Case Study Example matter of concern, in respect with her Doctor’s advice for her to continue with working since it would help allay the spread of cancer: I would still let her retain her job, but would have to decrease the expected work load owing to her weak and now frail disposition. I would advice her students and colleagues not to put a lot of unnecessary pressure on her. 1I would also have another teacher ready on the standby-just in case the illness happens to take an unprecedented toll upon her, and which may require that she be rushed again back to the hospital. I would urge the school’s staff and the entire student community to accord her total cooperation and respectfully understand her plight. Finally the office staff must take pride in being overly kind, caring and attentive to the needs of the students, teachers and even parents (LeBlanc, 2009). 2In spite of the fact that she is currently ill but still determined with continuing with her work, technically, she still remains an employee of the school because she has found herself in a contentious position, not out of attaining retiring age or out of an act of misconduct; but rather from an unfortunate physical. Therefore a lot of consultation and research on my part must be carried out so that my final decision is informed by integrity and acceptable conduct of professional ethics. I would start with the ministry of education (U.S.) and find out what the ethics and academic duty and laws says about a scenario such as this. 2This is because: Members of a profession agree to maintain high degree of performance, to restrain self-interest, and to promote ideals of public service in the area of their responsibilities (Hamilton, 2002).Therefore it is necessary for me as the principal to strive not to be rash but rather exercise objectivity in my judgment, while not making worse the said teacher’s predicament. 3As I m, mentioned earlier in my introduction, this teacher is not just one of the best in school. She

Groupware SLP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Groupware SLP - Research Paper Example The organization further subdivided its members in to Special Interest Groups of 34 different areas such as computer-human interaction and mobile communications. The ACM website (www.acm.org) is a large website which consisted of variety of resources such as journal articles, special interest groups, details about conferences, blogs, and news. All though some of the resources are free, paid membership is necessary to access the digital library and other benefits including awards and conferences. The website (home page) links with about 18 sections including publications, special interest groups, news and awards. Since the ACM try to cover all possible details about computing, the contents of the site are less specific and diluted. Although they do not publish commercial advertisement (such as Google ads) in the home page they have used much of it space (in the home page) to popularize their activities which usually require a paid membership. Photographs and quotes of the members and winners have been used for these purposes. They have placed commercial advertisements mostly as banners in some of the links/sections (example: ads in the section â€Å"Online Books & Courses†). Irrespective to its usage of â€Å"org† (organization) in the web address it provides very limited amount of free/open access information to the internet users where the usual practice of the most organizations is to provide more free information much as possible (Postel, 1984 & Gray, 1999) . According to the ACM the target audience is anyone interested on professional or educational computing (ACM, 2005). However the content and the arrangement of the website are not interesting and not attractive. They were unable to narrow down the activities to meet with the objectives. The real purpose of this website and the benefit to the audience is difficult to understand. Further the real effect and the validity of the activities such as conferences and the awards are not clear. Even though

Business and marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business and marketing - Case Study Example She carried out her research, came up with figures and statistics; on the strength of these, wrote a memo proposing that the vendors change their selling patterns. However, they mostly responded in a negative way and telling her, she does not understand their market while others did not even bother and her plan failed. Three months later she is told to redo the plan again taking to account the errors in the previous implementation, if is deemed feasible, she will be asked to implement it. This paper will examine why her first attempt flopped and how she must craft her second attempt if she hopes to sell her ideas successfully to the venders and implement her plan in the long run. Reasons of her failure can be attributed to several factors the most obvious one being the fact that she carried out most of her research and ignored or assumed the opinion and views of the ideas direct consumers who would benefit from its implementation. She gave little effort to boost awareness for her ideas, she worked alone and did not try to popularize or educate the field agents of the plans she had for them. By working exclusively, she locked out her beneficiaries from the planning session of the plans. She should have told them how they not only needed to change from small to big accounts but also how they should implement the change. While the logic behind her ideas is clear, she did not tell them which methods should be used to mediate the process and how they should vary their sales techniques to achieve her goal. Taking to account that every single of the agents has a unique marketing technique adapted to their individual tendencies and market situations, her memo was mostly too uniform to be practical. She assumed that everyone had small clients for the same reasons and they would get uniform benefits from making the shift. This explains why most of

Strategy Analysis For IBM Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Strategy Analysis For IBM - Research Paper Example International business machine or IBM as it is famously known as in the world is one of the fortune 500 companies which remains listed since 1900. IBM is a century old company which completed its hundred years in 2011. The IBM was formed by merging four companies namely Tabulating Machine Company, International Time Recording Company, Bundy Manufacturing Company and Computing Scale Corporation. IBM was incorporated in 1911 as Computing-Tabulating- Recording Company (CTR). Formally the work of CTR was to manufacture and sell machines, tabulators and punch cards which are to be used for the industrial and commercial purpose. One of the earliest remarkable achievements of IBM was to grow during the great depression of 1930s. Most of the companies during the great depression closed down but IBM not only managed to sustain but also grew in this period. IBM was also one of the earliest companies who provided many employee benefits like paid vacations, group life insurance and survivor bene fits. In 1932 it had its own laboratory for doing the research and development activities. Some of its initial inventions are the invention of the automatic sequence calculator and the selective sequence electronic calculator. The first large computer IBM 701 was made in 1950s. This computer was made on the basis of vacuum tubes. Another major invention of IBM during this era was the invention of FORTRAN. This is a computer language which is based on the rules of syntax, algebra and grammar. With the introduction of the computer language, IBM also manufactured the first magnetic hard disk storage system which was named as RAMAC. During 1980s and 1990s the IBM faced many revolutionary changes with the introduction of the personal computer. ... IBM is a century old company which completed its hundred years in 2011. The IBM was formed by merging four companies namely Tabulating Machine Company, International Time Recording Company, Bundy Manufacturing Company and Computing Scale Corporation. IBM was incorporated in 1911 as Computing-Tabulating- Recording Company (CTR). Formally the work of CTR was to manufacture and sell machines, tabulators and punch cards which are to be used for the industrial and commercial purpose. One of the earliest remarkable achievements of IBM was to grow during the great depression of 1930s. Most of the companies during the great depression closed down but IBM not only managed to sustain but also grew in this period. IBM was also one of the earliest companies who provided many employee benefits like paid vacations, group life insurance and survivor benefits. In 1932 it had its own laboratory for doing the research and development activities. Some of its initial inventions are the invention of the automatic sequence calculator and the selective sequence electronic calculator. The first large computer IBM 701 was made in 1950s. This computer was made on the basis of vacuum tubes. Another major invention of IBM during this era was the invention of FORTRAN. This is a computer language which is based on the rules of syntax, algebra and grammar. With the introduction of the computer language, IBM also manufactured the first magnetic hard disk storage system which was named as RAMAC. During 1980s and 1990s the IBM faced many revolutionary changes with the introduction of the personal computer. During the early 2000 IBM recognized the need of information technology and as a result it developed the e servers. In 2000s IBM also made a number of innovations in the

Needle Exchange Program (Bad Idea) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Needle Exchange Program (Bad Idea) - Essay Example and sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs), as well as overdosing and having higher mortality rates.† (O’Neill, et al, p.3) Needle exchange program is a program which provides the drug users an opportunity to exchange their used needles with sterilized fresh needle for free or at a reduced price in order to prevent the spreading of diseases. In Canada like countries the used needle is not at all required It is a controversial subject because of the ethical issues involved in it. Everybody knows that drug usage is a social evil which needs to be removed from the society. Drug users create lot of problems in the society like violence, theft, rape and abuses and hence the authorities must find ways for removing it from the society. The article â€Å"Aids action, Policy facts† published in June 2001, argues that the needle exchange programs (NEPs) can prevent the transmission of HIV. (Aids action, Policy facts) Drug users often share the drugs and the needle in order to reduce the expenses. They will utilize the same needle for injecting many. If one of them in the group has HIV, the entire group members will get the HIV through the usage of the same needle. The article again explains the savings a country can make through the needle exchange programs (NEPs). It says; the mathematical models predict that NEPs prevent HIV infections among injecting drug users, their partners, and family members at a cost of approximately $9,400 per avoided HIV infection. Considering the lifetime cost of treating a person living with HIV/AIDS is approximately $200,000, this represents a 95.3 percent savings per life. (Aids action, Policy facts) The Guardian news paper dated December 12, 2008 says that â€Å"For every infe ction like HIV or hepatitis C that we prevent, we are saving the province $100,000 to $150,000. We think that it’s certainly worth investing in.† (The Guardian 18/12/08)  Ã‚   Nowadays everybody thinks about the business or profit part of a topic. Each and

Isolation of Vibrations Caused By Human Sources Essay Example for Free

Isolation of Vibrations Caused By Human Sources Essay There are many different forms of vibrations that occur on account of human interactions and human involvement. In theory, these vibrations could cause a lot of problems for those who are trying to manage their buildings and structures. There are many different types of vibrations that can be caused by humans. These types of vibrations can include vibrations from trains, cars, airplanes, people who are outside of the structure, and the vibrations caused by small equipment. There are many different things that are done to structures in order to improve their ability to be able to handle the vibrations that are available for both inside the structure as well as what are available when building the structure. These precautions can help the building to be able to withstand the vibrations without causing structural damage or problems. The objectives will be to look at the overall importance of structures being able to withstand vibrations as well as the general knowledge that is needed in order to ensure that the vibrations do not cause structural damage in any form. Through Chapter 2 a literature review this report will look at the various reports and information that are available about vibrations and the various types of vibrations. The report will also look at the different types of problems that could occur within the structure as a result of the vibrations. The various types of precautions that are used to reduce the likelihood of structural damage from vibrations will also be looked at. As will the information that is new and shows the new research and technology that is available. This will all be done through a thorough review of the literature that has been written about the subject. In Chapter 3 the theory being discussed is the idea that structures are subject to a variety of vibrations at all times on account of human interaction with the structures. The theory is that there needs to be precautionary measures taken in order for the structures to be able to withstand the vibrations and therefore not have any structural damage as a result. These types of precautions can include both structural improvements within the structure as well as protecting certain parts of the structure. There are many different types of precautions that can be made and all of them have their own ways of protection for the structure from the dangerous vibrations. However there are many new things being developed through technology that could vastly improve the structure’s chances of withstanding the harmful vibrations. In Chapter 4 a lot of research will go into this report on how these improvements which will be discussed through the previous chapters can truly be the most affective. Analytical analysis of the problems as the solutions as well as the benefits of new technology will be discussed. Both the positive and negative aspects of said reports will be looked at and in the end the structures involved will be able to have the best structural chances possible at this time. These conclusions will be brought forth by information that has been researched and reviewed and through the process of analytical thinking to come up with ways that there can be improvements as well as things that should be continued or discontinued based on their probability of working. Through Chapter 5 it will be noted as to how the conclusions were made in Chapter 4. It will discuss the ideas, thoughts and theories behind the analytical conclusions and how these things were processed. This section will discuss the key points and the validity of the conclusions that were discussed in the previous chapter as well as how these things can be beneficial in being able to make further structural improvements. In Chapter 6 there will be a summary of the information included in the paper. There will also be conclusions that were obtained through the research as well as the information that will help to improve the structural components in being able to identify and withstand varying levels of vibrations. The main purpose of this report will be able to offer information that can be used in order to be able to better manage the overall design concepts and challenges in relations to being able to assist in having structures that can better withstand varying levels of vibrations.

Translation Shifts In Students Translated Texts English Language Essay

Translation Shifts In Students Translated Texts English Language Essay People living in this world are divided by their cultures. Language as the part of culture holds an important role in peoples lives because it enables people to express their ideas either by talking or writing to others. In the earlier times, people did not seem to have problems related to the communication since they only needed to communicate with people in the same community who had good knowledge of the language they used. However, along with the growth of the age marked by the advance of communication devices and the needs of people to communicate to others outside their communities, the problem of communication starts to occur since people have to communicate with others having different languages in terms of its grammatical structures, its vocabularies, and even its spellings. It causes difficulties for people who are not accustomed to those differences. In order to solve the problems between two different languages, people use translation. Basically, translation is a tool to deliver meaning from source language (SL) to target language (TL). To make sure the meaning is perfectly delivered, a translator must re-construct the text by translating the words from SL to TL and arrange them based on the structures of sentence in TL so the structures are suitable with TL and there will be no loss of meaning. Knowing the importance to master translation skills, universities in Indonesia open a subject studying translation, and one of them is Translation Skill subject in English Department State University of Jakarta focusing on studying translation between English and Indonesian languages. In this Translation Skill subject, besides studying the theories related to translation such as the process, the methods, and the strategies of translation, students also conduct the activity of translating, that is to translate texts from English to Indonesian language and vice versa. In order to become a professional translator, students do not only have to master proper knowledge concerning translation theories but also they have to able to translate different kinds of text from foreign languages, in this case, English to Indonesian language in a proper form which means that the text can be read easily and its meaning remains intact. However in the implementation, students may face problems especially related to the different structures between English and Indonesian because indeed, as Moentaha (2006:12) states, every language has its specific grammatical and lexical systems. Actually, there many strategies, procedures, and techniques provided by translation experts to solve difficulties in translating as well as to prevent any distortions of meaning and errors which may be conducted by a translator especially students of English Department as novice translators, and one of them is translation shift. Catford (1965:73) defines translation shift as the departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL. The shift can occur when a translator is translating a text from SL to TL by concerning some adaptations namely structural adaptation which causes the shift of form and semantic adaptation which causes the shift of meaning (Nida and Taber, 1969:105). Shifts are categorized into two major types, namely level shifts, the different level of equivalence between SL and TL items and category shifts, the departure of formal correspondence which are divided into four categories namely structure shifts, unit shifts, class shifts, and intra-system shifts (Catford, 1965:76). Studying those shifts in translation raises the curiosity of the writer to find out the types of shifts which occur in English Department students translated texts as well as the patterns of shift the students use to solve different structures between English and Indonesian language. Research Questions The questions to be answered in this study are: What type of shifts occurs in students translated texts? What shifts do dominantly occur in students translated texts? What pattern of shifts used by students to bridge the different grammatical structures between English and Indonesian? What pattern of shifts does dominantly occur in every type of shifts? Purpose of the Study The study aims at discovering the types of translation and classifying patterns of shifts occurring when students translate a text from English to Indonesian. From those kinds of translation shift and its patterns, the study also aims at figuring out the kinds of translation shift which dominantly occur in the translated text and the patterns of shift which are dominantly used by students to bridge the different grammatical structure between English and Indonesian. Limitation of the Study The study will focus on analyzing translation shifts occurring in thirty-five translated texts randomly taken from midterm test on Translation 2 subject conducted by students of English Literature Study Program English Department State University of Jakarta. The writer will use the theory of translation shifts provided by John Cunnison Catford in his book A Linguistic Theory of Translation dividing shifts into five categories namely level shifts, structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. Significance of the Study Besides can enrich the field of translation in English Department State University of Jakarta, this study is expected to enhance the ability of English Department students as novice translators to translate texts from English to Indonesian as equivalent as possible by concerning the shifts they can use to solve different structures between English and Indonesian. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter consists of definition of translation, process of translation, method of translation, definition of translation shifts, types of translation shifts, and the use of midterm test on Translation 2 subject as the source of data. 2.1. Definition of Translation Translation rises as an activity to translate message from source language containing meaning and words, and to reproduce them in a target language which can be understood by its readers. Although the elements of translation source text, meaning or information, and target text are agreed by translation experts proven by the presence of those elements in their definitions of translation, they have different ways to express the definition of translation. Catford (1978:20) defines translation as the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). From the phrase equivalent textual material above, it can be figured out that the main thing which should be replaced is the information. In other words, a translator has to be capable of replacing the information in source text with equivalent information in target text. Another definition of translation is also presented by Nida (1969:12) stating that translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. On that definition, Nida explains clearly that the main activity a translator has to do is to convey the message from source language to target language as natural as possible by regarding its meaning and style. Besides meaning and style, there is another thing which should be considered by translators if they want to create a good translation the intention of the source texts author. The concept is derived from Newmark (1988:5) who states that translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. Therefore, before translating a text, a translator has to read the whole text to understand the intention of STs author in making the text. In other words, a translator is like a bridge connecting the intention of STs author to the readers of target text. A balance between forms of language and structures of meaning which creates a complete package of a proper translation is delivered by Larson (1984:3) who states: Translation is transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. It is meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant. On that definition, the first activity translators have to do is to transfer the meaning constantly from SL to TL continued by delivering it in the appropriate form of TL to prevent any loss or distortion of meaning. 2.2. Process of Translation Before explaining the process of translation deeper, one thing to be considered is the meaning of process. Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary (2000:1050) provides three definitions of process and the first one is appropriate with translation defining process as a series of things that are done in order to achieve a particular result. Another definition of process is also provided by Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2002:899) defining process as rangkaian tindakan, pembuatan, atau pengolahan yang menghasilkan produk. Two definitions of process above can be concluded that to achieve certain goals, there are a series of actions should be conducted. The same matter also occurs in translation when a translator has to undergo a series of processes to translate texts from SL to TL as stated by translation experts below. Larson (1988:3) provides three steps to produce a translation. First thing translators need to do is to learn the lexicons, grammatical structures, communication circumstances, and cultural contexts from source language continued by analyzing the SL texts to find out its meaning. Finally, the meaning is re-expressed using the lexicons and grammatical structures of target language and its cultural contexts as drawn on the figure below: Figure 1 SOURCE LANGUAGE TARGET LANGUAGE Text to be translated Discover the meaning Meaning Re-express the meaning Translation In line with Larson, Nida and Taber (1982:33) also draws a figure to explain that translation has to undergo three processes namely analysis, transfer, and restructuring called Three Stages of Process as shown below: A (Source) (Analysis) X Y (Restructuring) B (Receptor) (Transfer) Figure 2 On the first stage namely analysis stage, the message in language A is analyzed in terms of its grammatical relationships as well as its meaning and combination of words in the form of X. Secondly, on the transfer stage, those analyzed materials are transferred in the mind of the translator from language A to language B in the form of Y. Finally, on the restructuring stage, the transferred materials are restructured in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language. Moreover, Newmark (1988:19) divides the process of translation into four levels namely the textual level, the referential level, the cohesive level, and the naturalness level. On the textual level, translators have to find the equivalence of SL grammar in TL, translate its lexical units, and put them in the appropriate form of TL sentences. However, there are some words having more than one meaning including idioms and figurative expressions in the source text and these are the task of translators in the referential level, to define the real meaning behind those expressions and put those meaning in the appropriate expressions in the target text. To link the textual and referential level, translators should advance to the next level namely cohesive level. In this level, translators use connective words which can unite the text such as conjunctions, enumerations, reiterations, definite articles, general words, referential synonyms, and punctuation marks (Newmark, 1988:23). In other wor ds, to secure the meaning of the text, translators have to secure its form first because if the sentences in the text are not linked together, the readers will not get the meaning of the text. Finally, on the last level, focusing on constructing translated texts, translators have to make sure that their translated texts make sense and read naturally for a certain kind of situation because the translated texts seem natural in one context, may not seem natural in other contexts. Nothing translators can do other than to read their whole translated texts, underline some unnatural expressions, and replace them with the more natural ones. 2.3. Method of Translation In their attempt to distinguish between methods, strategies, and techniques, Molina and Albir (2002:507) define methods of translation as the way of a particular translation process that is carried out in terms of translators objective, i.e., a global option that affects the whole texts and their definition is strengthened by Newmark (1988:81) stating that translation methods relate to whole texts, while translation procedures are used sentences and the smaller units of language. It can be concluded that the result of translated texts is determined by the methods of translation used by translators because the aim and the intention of translators will affect the overall result of their translated texts. Newmark (1988:45) draws the methods of translation in the form of a V diagram dividing them into SL emphasis such as word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, as well as semantic translation, and TL emphasis such as adaptation, free translation, idiomatic tr anslation, as well as communicative translation. 2.3.1 Word-for-Word Translation This method is used on the pre-translation phase where the TL words are directly put below the SL words as so called interlinear translation. Cultural words are translated literally out of the context. Translators only need to find the equivalent words from SL to TL but the position of those SL words remains intact in TL to understand the mechanism of TL and as Catford states (1965:25) to illustrate in a crude way differences structure between SL and TL for further studies. 2.3.2 Literal Translation This method of translation is between word-for-word and free translation where the words are still translated out of context as in word-for-word translation but then they are placed based on the grammatical structure of TL. 2.3.3 Faithful Translation In faithful translation, translators try to reproduce the contextual meaning of SL to TL and place them based on the grammatical structure of TL. Cultural words are translated but its grammatical and lexical abnormality still occurs. Faithful here means the translation attempt to be completely faithful to the intentions and text-realisation of the SL writer. 2.3.4 Semantic Translation This method of translation produces a more natural translation than the previous method since in semantic translation, the aesthetic element is taken into consideration and cultural words in SL are translated into its cultural equivalent in TL. Semantic translation is more flexible than faithful translation which Newmark (1988:46) says as an uncompromising and dogmatic method. 2.3.5 Adaptation Adaptation as the freest form of translation is commonly used in translating poetries and script of plays where cultural conversions occur from SL to TL without changing the themes, characters, or plot of SL. Therefore, if translators want to adapt a script of play, for example, they have to maintain the characters and plot of the script while adapting only its dialogues from SL to TL. 2.3.6 Free Translation In this method, the content of source text takes more priority than its form so paraphrase is commonly used to assure the message from source text can be clearly delivered to the readers of target text. 2.3.7 Idiomatic Translation When translators reach this method, their translations will not sound like translated texts anymore since in this method, the message is reproduced in TL with more natural and familiar expressions sometimes using colloquialisms and idioms which do not exist in SL. 2.3.8 Communicative Translation This method prioritizes the elements of communication such as purpose of translation and readership (Machali, 2000:55), so translators have to translate the contextual meaning of SL both its language and its content to be acceptable and understandable for readers of TL who expect no difficulties in reading translated texts. 2.4 Definition of Translation Shifts As stated on the scope of study, the writer will use the theory of translation shifts provided mainly by Catford added with some other explanations from Newmark as well as Vinay and Darbelnet. Catford (1965:73) defines translation shifts as the departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from SL to TL. Items which can be shifted are grammar as Newmark (1988:55) states shift is translation procedure involving a change in grammar from SL to TL, and word-class as Vinay and Darbelnet (1958:64) state transposition is the replacement of one word-class by another without changing the meaning of the message. Newmark (1988:85) states at least four reasons behind the occurrence of shifts. The first one is when SL and TL have different language systems so the shifts occur automatically and translators have no options but to undergo those shifts as in the translation of English plural words A pair of glasses to Indonesian singular words Sepasang kacamata and the position of adjectives as in A beautiful woman translated into Wanita cantik (Hartono, 2009:28). Another reason is when the grammatical structures of SL do not exist in TL, for example the initial position of verb in Indonesian sentences which is not familiar in English sentences except in imperative sentences. Therefore, it uses common structures of sentence as in the translation of Telah disahkan penggunaannya to Its usage has been approved (Hartono, 2009:29). Further, shifts also occur where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL so it is the matter of naturalness between SL a nd TL, for example the change of word-class from noun to verb as in the translation of The pursuits of an intellectual life to Mengejar kehidupan intelektual. The last, shifts occur to replace virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure, for example the change from phrase to clause as in the translation of The man with blue jacket is Mr. Green to Lelaki yang memakai jaket biru adalah Tuan Green (Hartono, 2009:30). 2.5 Types of Translation Shifts There are five types of shifts provided by Catford (1965:73) divided into two major types namely level shifts, and category shifts consisting of structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. 2.5.1 Level Shifts Level shift occurs when an item at one linguistic level in SL has its translation equivalent at different level in TL (Catford, 1965:73). The only possible level shift in translation is the shift from grammar to lexis and vice versa as in the translation between English This text is intended for. to French Le present Manuel sadresse a. From the example above, level shift occurs when English this as a term in grammatical system of deictic is translated to French le present as a modifier consisting an article + a lexical adjective. Another example is from English He is eating a noodle soup translated to Indonesian Dia sedang makan mie rebus where a grammatical structure of English present continuous tense (is + V-ing) is translated to Indonesian lexicon sedang. 2.5.2 Category Shifts Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (2000:196) defines category as a group of people or things with particular features in common. Catford (1965:76) states category shift refers to some shifts which share a particular feature departures from formal correspondence in translation. Category shifts is divided into four types namely structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. 2.5.2.1 Structure Shifts Structure shifts grammatically occur at any ranks of language where words, phrase, clauses, or sentences in SL has its translation equivalent with the same rank in TL so only their structures are different. Catford (1965:77) gives an example of structure shifts in clause rank from English clause The man is in the boat. to Gaelic clause Tha an duine anns a bhata. where their subjects are highlighted, their predicators are italicized and their adjuncts are underlined. A shift of structure occurs since the subject and the predicator of English clause exchange their position when the clause is translated to Gaelic so the structure S-P-A in English is switched into P-S-A in Gaelic. Another structure shift also occurs at phrase rank from A beautiful woman with adjective + noun in English to wanita yang cantik with noun + adjective in Indonesian. 2.5.2.2 Class Shifts Class shifts occur when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the original item. An example given by Catford (1965:79) clearly shows a change of class from English phrase A white house to French phrase Une maison blanche where the English adjective white as a modifier (M) has its equivalence in French adjective blanche as a qualifier (Q) although both of them are adjectives, they possess different functions as a modifier in English and as a qualifier in French. A change of class also occurs when an English clause They insist on higher wages is translated into an Indonesian clause Mereka menuntut kenaikan gaji. The example shows that the English adjective of comparative higher changes to Indonesian noun kenaikan. 2.5.2.3 Unit Shifts Unit shifts occur when the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at different rank in the TL. An example comes from the translation of English clause My father is very nice to Indonesian clause Ayahku sangat baik where a phrase in SL my father has a word ayahku in TL as its equivalence. 2.5.2.4 Intra-System Shifts Intra-system shifts are departures from formal correspondence where (a term operating in) one system in the SL has its translation equivalent (a term operating in) a different non-corresponding system in the TL, the shifts occur internally within a system. Vinay and Darbelnet in Catford (1965:80) give examples of the system related to the singular and plural form of words between English and French. An English singular word advice has translation equivalent a French plural word des concils and vice versa, a French singular word le pantalon has translation equivalent an English plural word trousers. 2.6 Midterm Test on Translation 2 Subject as the Source of Data Translation Skill is one of the subjects provided by English Department State University of Jakarta divided into two subjects taken continuously in different semesters namely Translation 1 in the fourth semester and Translation 2 in the fifth semester. Both subjects have four credits and are held twice a week. The purpose of this subject is to prepare reliable translators who can translate various kinds of texts including legal and non-legal text from English to Indonesian and vice versa. To reach its goal, students are not only given theories of translation such as definition, process, and various strategies to produce adequate translation, but they are also assigned to translate various kinds of texts to train their translation skill and to apply the theories they are studying. In the middle of the meetings, Translation 2 holds midterm test on November 2nd 2012 which consists of two parts. On the first part, students are given two texts and they have to choose the types of those texts whether persuasive, descriptive, or expository as well as to give their reasons regarding their choices. What will be analyzed by the writer is the second part of the test where students have to translate two texts from English to Indonesian titled The Meaning of English Literature and Enhancing the Role of Forests in Adapting to Climate Change as clearly, naturally, and accurately as possible. Although this is a midterm test, students are still allowed to open their dictionaries but it only helps them to find the lexical meaning of words. They still have to pay more attention to find its contextual meaning and to adjust their translations in the appropriate structures of Indonesian language using the strategies they have learnt so far, and one of the strategies may be transla tion shifts. Translated texts from midterm test are chosen as the source of data because during midterm test, students are translating the texts more carefully and more seriously to produce clear, natural, and accurate translations in order to obtain proper score. It comes better possibility to produce better translation. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter consists of theoretical framework, research method, data and source of data, data collection procedures, and data analysis procedures. 3.1. Theoretical Framework Following up the definition of translation by Larson who states translation is to transfer the meaning and to change the form of texts from SL to TL, the writer will conduct a study about translation shift in students translated texts. Catford (1965:73) defines translation shifts as the departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from SL to TL. In other words, there will be some changes of form when a text is translated from SL to TL. Newmark (1988:85) states shifts occur when SL and TL have different language systems, when the grammatical structures of SL do not exist in TL, when literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL, and when translators want to replace virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure. The translated texts are taken from English Department State University of Jakarta students answer sheets of Translation 2 midterm test and those translated texts will be analyzed using the theories of translatio n shifts by Catford who divided shifts into five categories namely level shifts, structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. The writer chooses to analyze translated texts from midterm test because during midterm test, students will be more serious and more careful in doing their tests to obtain proper score so the possibility to produce better translation is higher. 3.2 Research Method In this study, the writer will use descriptive analysis as the method of the study. Kountur (2004:105) defines descriptive as a kind of research which gives descriptions or analyses over a situation as clearly as possible without manipulating the objects being observed. Therefore, in descriptive analysis method, the writer will describe the data and continued by analyzing them as Ratna (2010:53) states that descriptive analysis method is conducted by describing facts followed by analyses providing sufficient understanding and explanation. 3.3 Data and Sources of Data Thirty-five translated texts in Indonesian language from midterm test on Translation 2 subject will be used as the source of data. The analysis will be focused on the words, phrases, and clauses in the texts as the data. 3.4 Data Collection Procedures Data collection is a process of recording an event and gathering pertinent information (La Pierre and Zimmerman, 1997:39). In this study, the writer will collect the data using following procedures: Asking for permission from the lecturers of Translation 2 subject to borrow answer and question sheets. Copying the answer and the question sheets. Reading two English texts in the question sheet. Reading two translated texts written in Indonesian from students answer sheets. Underlining words, phrases, and clauses where translation shifts occur to be categorized and analyzed later. 3.5 Data Analysis Procedures After collecting the data, the writer will analyze them using the procedures below: Drawing a table consisting of English items, Indonesian items, and types of shift columns as following: English Items Indonesian Items Level Shifts Category Shifts Structure Shifts Class Shifts Unit Shifts Intra-system Shifts Name of Students: Filling English and Indonesian Items columns with the words, phrases, or clauses from both versions of texts to be analyzed. Determining the patterns of shift on the types of shift columns as shown below: English Items Indonesian Items Level Shifts Category Shifts Structure Shifts Class Shifts Unit Shifts Intra-system Shifts They insist on higher wages Mereka menuntut kenaikan gaji Adjective to Noun Listing the types and the patterns of shift used by every student as shown below: Student A Types of Shift Amount Patterns of Shift Amount Level Shifts 14 Grammar to Lexis 14 Structure Shifts 10 Adj+N to N+Adj 10 Class Shifts 12 Adjective to Noun 9 Noun to Adjective 3 Unit Shifts 11 Word to Phrase 4 Phrase to Word 7 Intra-System Shifts 15 Plural to Singular 15 Stating the dominant types and patterns of shift. For example, the table above shows that the dominant type of shift is intra-system shifts while the dominant patterns of shift are grammar to lexis from level shifts, Adj+N to N+Adj from structure shifts, Adjective to Noun from class shifts, Phrase to Word from unit shifts, and Plural to Singular from intra-system shifts.

Effect of Social Media on Travelling

Effect of Social Media on Travelling Social media and how it changes the world. Introduction. The definition of social media is a websites or an application that enable user to create and share content or to participate in social networking. there are platforms for social medias such as Facebook , Twitter , Youtube, Tumblr , Instagram , Schoology and etc. One of the function for Facebook is that one can post a status and pictures while instagram too can upload picture and recording video for 15 second for the world to see. Instagram , facebook too have social networking . Users can leave a comment or if they like their pictures or status. Users can give a LIKE too. Social media also can give information to the traveler and also to those who are doing business too. with social media it has changed the world in various ways. Method of Literature selection. I have conducted an electronic database search through Tunku Abdul Rahman University Colleges digital library and I have used the ACM Digital Library . The keyword that I used in the online database include social media, travels and tourist. I have also conducted searches on the How Big is the Crowd? Event and Location Based Population Modeling in Social Media archive, SocRoutes: Safe Routes Based on Tweet Sentiments archive, Event detection over twitter social media streams archive, Using Social Media to Find Places of Interest: A Case Study archive, GoThere: Travel Suggestions using Geotagged Photos archive and Near2me: An Authentic and Personalized Social Media-based Recommender for Travel Destinations. I have chosen only the articles that were published within 5 years ago. The three articles which I have chosen to reference on were selected based on the relevancy to the topic of the essay. Social media for travelling Social media is so popular these days and it is frequently used by the young and the old. Some of the purposes of the usage for social media is to get information about traveling, places that are popular and famous, places that usually attract tourists which in other term, it is also called the tourist attraction. One of the function that social media has is called GeoTag. Geotaggingcan help users search and found out all kinds of location-specific information. Social media can also let users check into all the places that they have been to and leave a trace to show and prove that the particular user has been there before. Users can also leave some comments or critiques about the visited places so that the other users can get feedbacks, information and know better about that particular place and maybe too can find out about the services or products provided there, whether or not it is good or bad. Social media is not only for lifestyle, it is also for tourist guidance and to let them know more about the history of the place. As an example, one application that has these functions is called Foursquare. Social media can also let users share information via twitter to other users so that they can know whether if the route they are taking is experiencing a traffic jam or not so that other users can choose either to go the usual route or go for an alternative way to reach their destination. Social media can too let users share information about the weather condition to others so that other users are able to know whether a particular place is drizzling, raining heavily, sunny, windy, snowing or just nice. Of course in Malaysia, there will not be any snowing going on. Anyway, in short social media can let users connect to each other. The other example of what social media can do is that social media can let users know whether if their friends are nearby them via Foursquare check in. Since they are able to know where their friends are and if they found out that their f riends are nearby, they could simply just go to where their friends are just to greet and chit chat a little while. The other function of social media is that one can share information worldwide through the internet. In my opinion social media has turned travelling easier and more convenient for travelers around the world. First and foremost, I think that social media can connect people around the world. This is based on the article How Big is the Crowd? Event and Location Based Population Modeling in Social Media. It is stated that recently the emerged social network services like Facebook, Twitter, and Foursquare are some of the largest and fastest growing web communities, offering an immense platform for connecting people (Yuan Liang, James Caverlee, Zhiyuan Cheng, Krishna Y. Kamath 2013). I also think that social media can let travelers and tourist find popular places and events. Based on the writer of Event detection over twitter social media streams and Using Social Media to F ind Places of Interest:A Case Study, they claimed that there are 190 million geotagged Flickr photos and this kind of data is used to detect events, find popular places and tourist routes automatically(Steven Van Canneyt, Steven Schockaert, Olivier Van Laere, Bart Dhoedt 2012) and also in some cases, for example, for crisis management and decision making, monitoring some of the critical events over social streams can let the watch officers to analyze the whole situation carefully and accurately. This enables them to make the right decision based on the details shown over the social streams. They can easily identify what is exactly happening, where that particular event is taking place at and of course, who are those involved in it. (Xiangmin Zhou, Lei Chen 2013). Social media also helps travelers to find out and know more about a particular place based on the writer that writes the article GoThere: Travel Suggestions using Geotagged Photo. Assumptions made about tourist attractions is that those are the places that are often photographed and geotagged. Geotags annotated to photos have been exploited and used for many different things. For example, geotags annotated to photos are used for mapping geotags to places and also for suggesting recommendation of travel itineraries (Abdul Majid, Ling Chen, Gencai Chen, Hamid Turab Mirza, Ibrar Hussain 2012). Last but not least, the social media world is so advanced that someone actually created a prototype using social media for recommending places for tourist personal interest. Based on the writers of this article, they claimed that this prototype can allow users to explore, evaluate, and understand recommendations, control recommendation direction and discover informative supporting material (Christoph Kofler, Luz Caballero, Maria Menendez_, Valentina Occhialini, Martha Larson 2011). In my opinion, I think social media is very useful for travelers as it helps a lot in providing useful information, tips and feedbacks one needs for traveling. Conclusion In conclusion, social media can do a lot stuffs. It not only can be an immense platform that can help people connect to each other, it can also be an informative space for travelers and tourists to help them find useful information and tips about popular places and events. It really is a great help for the travelers to understand what they should be expecting before they go for a vacation at a particular place. This is how social media changed the world. Reference Abdul, M, Ling, C, Gencai, C, Hamid, M Ibrar, H 2012, GoThere: Travel Suggestions using Geotagged Photos, WWW 12 Companion Proceedings of the 21st international conference companion on World Wide Web, pp.577-578. Christoph, K, Luz, C, Maria, M, Valentina, O Martha, L 2011, Near2me: An Authentic and Personalized Social Media-based Recommender for Travel Destinations, WSM 11Â  Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGMM international workshop on Social media, pp. 47-52. Steven, C, Steven, S, Olivier, L Bart, D 2012, Using Social Media to Find Places of Interest: A Case Study , GEOCROWD 12:Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Crowdsourced and Volunteered Geographic Information, pp. 2-8. Xiangmin, Z Lei, C 2014, Event detection over twitter social media streams,The VLDB Journal — The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases,Vol.23, pp. 381-400. Yuan L, James, C, Zhiyuan, C Krishna, K 2013, How Big is the Crowd? Event and Location Based Population Modeling in Social Media, HT 13Proceedings of the 24th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media , pp. 99-108.

Effects of MTV Essay -- essays research papers

The negative effects of MTV on our society and culture What do you think about when you hear the word MTV? Carson Daily counting down the top ten on Total Request Live? Bam Margera doing insane stunts on his new show BAM? How about The Wild Boys chasing alligators and poisonous snakes? MTV has revolutionized and affected the whole world through its negative influence on society and culture. MTV has in many ways corrupted our youths and American culture with shows such as Jackass, with their dangerous acts of stupid ness, and Marilyn Manson encouraging suicide and murder. One can say MTV is promoting violence. MTV has grown to be a major component in the music industry and its change from video based programming in the past to the television series focused on today has had some major ef...

Average Americans vs. Environmentalists :: Environmental Essays

Average Americans vs. Environmentalists American Enterprise magazine (May/June 1999) carried an article by Karl Zinsmeister, titled "Environmentalists vs. Scientists." It's mostly a report on research published by two academics Stanley Rothman and Robert Lichter in their book titled Environmental Cancer: A Political Disease. The authors surveyed a cross-section of environmental leaders at organizations such as National Resources Defense Council, the Sierra Club, the National Wildlife Federation, Ducks Unlimited, the Environmental Defense Fund, the Nature Conservancy and the National Audubon Society. Identically worded survey questions were administered to different groups of scientists. Among the groups surveyed was the American Association for Cancer Research, whose members are specialists in carcinogenesis or epidemiology. It turns out that scientists and environmentalists hold markedly different views. Sixty-seven percent of cancer specialists believe there's no cancer epidemic while only 27 percent of environmental activists hold the same view. Only twenty-seven percent of cancer specialists agree with the statement "industry causes rising cancer rates", while 64 percent of environmentalists do. The scientists didn't trust the media. Only 22 percent of cancer specialists consider the New York Times' reporting on cancer topics to be trustworthy and only six percent found the TV network news to be so. When 400 climatologists, oceanographers and atmospheric scientists were asked whether evidence supports the "greenhouse effect" theory, 41 percent agreed compared to 66 percent of environmentalists. Similarly, 51 percent of energy scientists say nuclear power plants are safe compared to only 10 percent of environmentalists. Environmentalists not only differ from scientists but are markedly different from the general public as well. Environmental activists are a narrow elite: 76 percent are male, 97 percent are white and a third have incomes over $100,000. They are unrepresentative of America politically as well. Sixty-three percent describe themselves as liberals compared to 18 percent of the general public. Only six percent are Republicans; ten times as many are Democrats. To the question, "I'd fight for my country, right or wrong," 57 percent of all Americans answered yes while only 9 percent of environmentalists said yes. Environmentalists support causes like race quotas, abortion-on-demand and homosexual rights at rates of 70 to 80 percent, versus 34 to 40 percent of the general public. Rothman and Licther summarized, "Although most Americans are willing to describe themselves as environmentalists, from these data it seems clear that environmental activists do not speak for the public. . . . The perspective and background of this movement's leadership are considerably removed from those of the majority.

The marketing of the Bridge Cafe Buffets is aimed towards all age groups. :: Business and Management Studies

The marketing of the Bridge Cafe Buffets is aimed towards all age groups. As the Bridge is part of the church buffets are offered for weddings INTRODUCTION This report was commissioned by Mrs A Bernard to show my understanding of the tools, techniques and ideas presented in the marketing module. The report will cover marketing orientation, practice approach, impact and buyer behaviour. Development of marketing segments and the marketing mix. To display my understanding I have used the Bridge Cafà ©, which has been trading for eighteen months and is expanding its services. It is part of the Christ Church community outreach program and is designed to offer good food at a very reasonable price. The marketing of the Bridge Cafe Buffets is aimed towards all age groups. As the Bridge is part of the church buffets are offered for weddings, birthdays, christenings, blessings and funerals as well as family functions and also as part of the conference facilities. With such a wide age range of customers the marketing has to appeal to a huge range of people from a variation of backgrounds. The service the Bridge offers can be tailor made to fit to the client’s needs and taste as well as a pre defined menu of various prices. With the ability to meet with clients for a more personal touch or by telephone, fax or e-mail for a faster more efficient service we can stay ahead in research and the development as trends change and different age groups have different tastes. We know our customers as we all eat and have an understanding of different diets and customs relating to religion. The clients that have already used the Bridge Buffets Service have found it easier to approach them to arrange a tailor designed menu for their guests as the staff are very approachable and are willing to spend time talking to the clients and their needs and desires. With this type of relationship with the client it is hoped that they will use the service again. The buffet service prides itself on producing home made and home baked products fresh to the client, which is catered to all sized buffets. Buffets can be organised at short notice (twenty four hours) and still uphold the same home made traditions. The marketing in practice fits in with the definition â€Å"Marketing is the management process which identifies, anticipates and supplies customer requirements efficiently and profitably† (The Chartered Institute of Marketing) as the client is in contact with a senior member of the team who knows and understand both the client needs and the practical aspect of the catering team.

Grandma’s Treats E-Commerce Security Options Essay

There are both advantages and disadvantages to providing an overly secure environment for e-commerce. The biggest advantage is consumer and business privacy. Grandma’s Treats needs to provide a secure environment so that unauthorized users are unable to see details of the consumer’s transactions, and purchases in particular. In this way consumers using Grandma’s Treats website will know they can make multiple purchases using their stored information and retain a sense of security regarding their transactions. To ensure this privacy for the consumer, encryption software installed on the server is necessary. A further advantage to a secure environment is consumer trust. When customers decide to make a purchase using their account with a password, they can trust that the security standards of the company are up to par with other, larger organizations. This type of secure environment would work best at serving the needs of wholesale and corporate accounts. A disadvantage of providing an overly secure e-commerce environment is if the company decides to use public key infrastructure, or PKI (Brayton, Finneman, Turajski, Wiltsey, 2006). In this instance, Grandma’s Treats would only be able to transmit a small amount of information. A second disadvantage to this overly secure environment is if Grandma’s Treats requires a user to log in to view its offerings, it may be considered an annoyance and a hindrance to purchasing. A final disadvantage is that this technology tends to slow down customer service. The time required to check out the online shopping cart will necessitate verification, which will make the purchasing process longer. Should this take too long, a customer may decide to log off and leave the website without finalizing a purchase. There are also advantages and disadvantages to providing an open, insecure e-commerce environment. Some advantages of setting up an open, insecure environment are quick browsing of products, easy navigation of the website, and the inexpensive cost of implementing it. To browse through the website of Grandma’s Treats, a customer wouldn’t first have to login and use a password. Consumers will also have the option of browsing through the offered products with ease. Providing an open, insecure environment is also an inexpensive option. The company will not need any specialized hardware or software to ensure security in its e-commerce environment. There are several disadvantages of setting up an open, insecure environment as well. The threat of hackers breaking into the server, and malware infecting the site, are two disadvantages of not providing proper security (CNET News.com Staff, 2008). An experienced hacker could easily gain access to customer information, financial transactions, and any other important information stored on the server. A variety of malware could cause a major problem for Grandma’s Treats and its website with the likely outcome of a system crash or possible infection of customers’ computers. While the damage could most likely be reversed, it would take time to repair and create distrust with the company’s customers. In light of these advantages and disadvantages as discussed, it is recommended that Grandma’s Treats employs a more middle of the road option. For certain purposes, such as making a purchase online, there should be security measures in place, such as requiring a customer to create an account and log in with a password. However, there should also be a selection of â€Å"front end† pages which are easily accessible to anyone browsing products. In this way Grandma’s Treats can best serve the needs of both valued customers and casual web browsers. References Brayton, J., Finneman, A., Turajski, N., Wiltsey, S., (October 10, 2006). â€Å"What is PKI?† Retrieved March 4, 2008, from the TechTarget Website: http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci214299,00.html CNET News.com Staff (February 11, 2008). â€Å"Security Bites Podcast: Nonpersistent Web Threats†. Retrieved March 4, 2008 from the CNET News.com Website: http://www.news.com/Security-Bites-Podcast-Nonpersistent-Web-threats/2324-12640_3-6230144.html?tag=item.

Summary Of 1st Phone Call From Heaven

The first phone call from heaven tells the story of a small town called Coldwater, Michigan. The story begins when one Friday a number of people started receiving a call from their loved ones who have already died saying that life after death is wonderful, that they are happy in heaven . Tess is contacted by her mother whom she had nursed during her illness, Katherine received a call from her sister to whom she had been so close until her death from an aneurysm, Elias Rowe is phoned by a man who blames him for his death, and Jack, the chief of police is contacted by Robbie, his son who got killed in Afghanistan.At first, those people who are receiving the calls hesitated to share the news with others for fear of mockery. Until, Katherine Yellin announces on their church congregation that she is receiving a call from her dead sister. The news spread instantly, some are convinced it’s a miracle, some said it’s a hoax but whatever it is made Coldwater the center of media a nd people’s attention. People are drawn to this town to be a part of this miraculous phenomenon. National news reporters are sent in to cover the story. The police force is increased to maintain order among the supporters and protesters and also phone demands increased.One man named Sully Harding, recently lost his wife and struggling to be a father to a young son, strongly believes that there is no such thing as miracle and it hurts him seeing his son, Jules waiting and hoping that his mother will call him soon. Driven by this event, Sully is determined to prove whether these â€Å"phone calls from heaven† is true or not. He begins to investigate on his own, Sully, working for a newspaper business, finds that working on print business provide access to information that just might find the missing link that ties all these phone calls together.It involves cell phone carriers, amount of time since death, and a few other things that are too similar to ignore. With the hel p of Elias Rowe and the young girl from town’s library, he learns a couple of facts that the calls only come in on Friday, and each recipient happens to have the same cell phone plan. Something isn’t right and Sully didn’t stop investigating until he figures out what it is. Sully soon uncovered the surprising truth, he learned that the calls that other people are receiving has connection on what happened the day his wife died.Sully was in the air force, he was flying in a fighter jet when he decided to make a pit stop to visit his wife. Upon landing on the airport he was given a poor flight instruction by a young traffic controller on a bad mood. Due to this poor instruction Sully’s plane collided with a small Cessna resulting on accident and deaths. Sully’s wife, Giselle, was speeding to the airport when he saw the smoke from the accident and panicked and the air traffic controller who causes the accident sped away and crashed on Sully’s wi fe that results death for both of them.The father of deceased air traffic controller, Elliot Gray, has military intelligence experience that he was able to destroy all the data that would have implication to his son, and put all the blame on Sully, causing his imprisonment. Afterwards, the father of the dead controller accessed voicemails of different people in order to put together words and phrases that would make it seem like a call from their loved ones from heaven. The call is actually aimed for Sully, it is out of guilt for the death of Giselle but he never got the call.After Sully confronts the perpetrator, he sped away from the perpetrator’s home with the news about the hoax but the snowstorm sent him off the road and onto the frozen lake. Then, his phone rang, it was Giselle, his wife telling him to get out of the car because the car is going to plunge in the ice. Sully did so just in time. Then, laying on the snowbank, he heard the siren of an ambulance. Someone had called 911, he was brought in the hospital and after he spoke with the chief police officer.He learned that the Horace called in the station saying that there is a dead man at his property and when the police arrived that dead man was Elliot Gray himself. At the end of the story, Sully has proven that the â€Å"phone calls from heaven† are hoax. Thus, when he thought that it was Giselle’s voice Elliot last manipulated he scrolls his phone and check the unknown number which he heard Giselle’s voice on the car accident and realized that the call was made an hour after Elliot’s death. Sully realized that after all, he got a real phone call from heaven.

Healthcare Issues in America Essay

Some of the healthcare issues that share the limelight with politicians nowadays are the skyrocketing cost of drugs, health insurance system, the ever growing cost of hospitalization fees and the low coverage of insurance for malpractices for doctors. Debates and plans have been made so as to improve the quality of service to the people. But really, are these the real issues that an average American or a politician should give much emphasis on? There is a growing epidemic that is invading the country in silence†¦ And because it doesn’t make much noise as that of an aggrieved patient filing for a case against a physician, who by mistake, has distorted her nose in some way, that doesn’t mean this epidemic is not worth our time. For some reason these issues aren’t given much attention when in fact it threatens the very life of countless citizens therefore endangering the future of the country. Obesity, Alcohol Abuse, Mental Health, unhealthy foods†¦ These are real issues that could very well be the cause of more deaths and unhappy citizens of this country†¦Though these issues have been around for decades much of the efforts to address these problems are often not enough or simply useless. To further impress the gravity of the situation, it is therefore right to discuss these issues one by one. In the next few decades Scientists conclude that life expectancy for an average American could decline by as much as 5 years unless the government do something to decrease the rates of obesity (Dollemore 2005). With the rise of capitalism which gave way to consumerism, more and more goods make it to the hands of an average American. Life has also been fast phased which led to the success of over the counter dinners and lunches, ready to cook meals, watching television , playing video games, using computers and etc. The youth has been living a very sedentary lifestyle which lessens their interest in physical activities. Much worst is that there has been a sudden influx of quality computer games that has taken much of their time. They are also bombarded with fast foods, high fat, high sugar meals which are made available at every corner store. These factors lead to obesity that has taken the world aback with a staggering 20% increase in obesity rates among the youth. Diabetes is one of the complications that can sprout from Obesity. Cardiovascular diseases are also common to those who have diabetes. Emotional stress is also experienced by those who are obese are society tend to discriminate these people giving them less chances to enjoy life. The irony of it is that the government provides services to treat obesity rather than preventing it. It is a growing epidemic and unless we get to its roots, it will continue to rot away the future if countless American youth. According to surveys approximately 11 million current drinkers are in the ages of 12-20. Half of these drink excess to the point of losing total control to the outside environment. These drinkers are the American Youth who at a tender age finds solace in beer bottles. Alcohol abuse can lead to different kind of injuries such as alcohol related accidents, date rape, fire and etc. Automobile crashes, suicides, homicides, and unsafe sex leading to teenage pregnancies are one of the gruesome after effects of teenage drinking that are often overlooked by their fragile minds. Underage drinking is a widespread problem which can be attributed to the free access to liquor by minors. Substance abuse is very much widespread especially in impoverished areas in the country and this eventually lead to mental incapacity.   One need not look deeper to know that these issues are interconnected in someway. Teenage drinking and Obesity are discussed in detail to show that all the rest of the issues find its roots on the two events. The rest are just offshoots from these problems. Given the above issues, I guess it would be more appropriate for the government to give more attention to the cause of the problem rather than spending billions for rehabilitation facilities, diet programs and etc. As the saying goes, prevention is better than cure. It is indeed pretty much logical to answer the question on why the youth is engaging in substance abuse rather than put them in rehabilitation centers.   The thing is, the government is spending large amount of money to improve healthcare services to the populace not taking into consideration that these ailments that they are treating could not have found its way to the average American citizen in the first place. Now if by the end of the century this epidemic is not yet cured, then worst comes to worst, this country should expect more sickly citizens needing healthcare services to address their plight for good health. This is where my thoughts go in full circle†¦ if the government spend as much time, money and effort in addressing the problem of healthcare improvements and that of actually improving the health of its citizens, then I guess there is better hope for the future Americans. Come to think of it, if the epidemic is not stopped, more and more citizens will need healthcare services from the government. As a consequence, no matter how we try to improve the healthcare services and insurance system it will never be enough. Laws of supply and demand holds true even in this situation. More sick people, more hospitals, more doctors, more healthcare services, more chances for politicians to exploit the scenario by adding â€Å"improved healthcare† in their platforms. This is a vicious cycle, and unless we recognize the need to focus on individual health rather than health care services, we will never be able to actually address the problem of healthcare in this country. References Dollemore, D. (2005). â€Å"Obesity Threatens to Cut U.S Life Expectancy.† Retrieved April 10, 2007, from http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/mar2005/nia-16.htm.